how to distinguish among SIT, SET, RISE, RAISE, LIE AND LAY

The verbs lie/lay, rise/raise, and sit/set cause problems even for native english speakers. The solution to the problem is to remember which verb are transitive (verbs that take a  complement) and which are intransitive (verbs that do not take a complement).

INTRANSITIVE
Rise	Rose	Risen	Rising
Lie	Lay	Sat	Lying
Sit	Sat	Sat	Sitting

                 

TRANSITIVE
Rise	Raised	Raised	Raising
Lie	Laid	Laid	Laying
Sit	Set	Set	Setting

RISE

                This  verb means to get up, move up under one’s own power (without the help of someone else, increase. Notice that there is no complement.

                example:

                The sun rises early in the summer

                when the bell rings, the students rise from their seats.

                When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top.

                Jim rose early so that he could play golf before the others.
            It must be late; the moon has risen.

                Prices have risen more than ten percent in a very short time.

RAISE

                The verb means to lift or elevate an object; or to increase something. It must have a complement.

            The students raise their hands in class.

                                                 complement

            The weighlifter raises the barbells over his head.

                                                            complement

           The crane raised  the car out of the lake.

                                       complement

           The OPEC countries have raised the price of oil.

                                                                             complement

LIE

                This verb means to rest, repose, or to be situated in a place. It is often used with the preposition down. Note: This verb should not be confused with the verb lie, lied, which means to say something that is true.

                The university lies in the western section of town.

                If the children are tired, they should lie down for a nap.

                Marfa Elena lay on the beach for three hours yesterday sunbathing.

                The old dog just lay on the grass watching the children at play.

                Don’t disturb Mary; she has lain down for a rest.

                That old rug had lain in the corner for many years before it was put in the garage.

LAY

This verb means to put somebody or something on a surface.

Don’t  lay your clothes on the bed.

                 complement

The boy lays his books on the table every day.

                         complement

The students had laid their composition on the teacher’s desk before the bell rang.

                                     complement

The nurse laid the baby in the crib.

                         complement                         

SIT

This verb means to take a seat. It is also often used with the preposition down.

We are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera.

Bullfight fans sit in  the shade because it is cool.

Because the weather was nice, we sat on the patio.

After swimming, Bob sat on the beach to dry off.

Nobody has sat through as many boring lecturer as Pete has.

SET

                This verb means to put somebody or something on a surface or in a place. It is often interchangeable with lay or put except in certain idiomatic expression like set the table.

               

                The little girl helps her father set the able every night.

                                                                                  complement

                The  carpenters set their tools in the box at noon and go to lunch.

                                                       complement

                The botanist set her plants in the sun, so that they would grow.

                                                 complement

                After carrying  her son from the car, the mother set him in his crib.

                                                                                                                        complement

                Don’t set the chocolate near the oven or it will melt.

                                         complement

USE OF OTHER, ANOTHER, AND OTHERS

¢  We use the forms of other as either Adjective or pronoun.

¢  We use Another when we mean one more in addition to the one already mentioned. It is used with a singular noun.

¢  Another can be used as adjective or pronouns.

¢  Another can mean an alternative, beside this/these.

¢  We use others when we mean several more in addition to the one already mentioned. It is used with a plural noun.

	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	I have another book ( adj )	I have the others book ( adj)
	I have another ( pronoun )	I have others ( pronoun)
Definite	I have the other book ( adj )	I have the other books ( adj)
	I have the other ( pronoun )	I have the others ( pronoun)

Example:

¢  I have many magazine. One of the magazines is TEMPO. Another magazine is MATRA. Another is SARINAH.

¢  I don’t want this magazine. I want another.

¢  He doesn’t know her addres. Let’s ask another.

Example:

¢  I have many friends. One of my friends is from Yogyakarta.Another friend is from South Sulawesi. Another friend is from West Nusa Tenggara. ther friends  are from Jakarta. Others are from East Kalimantan.

¢  These magazines are very expensive. I want others.

¢  The others are very tired, so I want to find.

Example:

¢  She has other book.

¢  They have other baby.

¢  I have other mug

Using Make

We use "make" for more creative activities.

For example:

¢  She likes to make her own cloth.

¢  Would you like to make cake for desert?

¢  If  you  make a mistake, you should correct it.

We also use "make" to describe functions of speech .

Eg. what we are doing when we speak?.

We also use make with certain nouns, particularly when we are talking about an action that someone performs:

Example:

¢  Try not to make a noise!

¢  She made an offer for my car that I accepted.

Using Do

1. We use "Do” with certain nouns to describe activities, or things that have an effect on people.

For example:

¢  I can’t wash up-I have to do my homework

¢  The campaign may have done more harm than good

        other nouns commonly used with do include business, damage, (an) exercise, (somebody) a favour, etc.

2. We can also use do instead of, for example: arrange (flower), cook or make (a curry), cut (nails, hair), etc.

3. We also use do with an –ing form as a noun when we talk about jobs and leisure activities.  A word or phrase such as the, some, a bit, a lot of.

        for example:

¢  I normally do the ironing while I’m watching TV.

¢  He’s hoping to do a bit of skiing while he’s visiting Bernard in Australia.

     Compare Do and Make

¢  I did a lot of things yesterday. I cleaned my room, I wrote some letters and I made a cake.

¢  A: What do you do in your free time?

¢  B: I make clothes. I make dresses and jacket.