Word Form

before you read this posting and wasting your time, just download this link and you will get what you want about word form


there are two links so you have to download both of them to get the complete one.
just download here part 1 atau here part 2

Word Form : Word viewed as pronounceable entity, representing concretely a lexeme in some   grammatical context.

   Classification of word:

1. Content word (part of speech)

     they are noun ,pronoun, verb, adjective, and adverb.

2. Functional or structural word

            They are:

·         Modal auxiliaries (can, may, must, will, shall)

·         Determiners or articles (the, a, this, that)

·         Prepositions (on, in, at, above)

·         Qualifiers (very, quite)

·         interrogators ( how, when, what, who)

·         Negator (not, never)

·         Subordinators (if, although, because)

·         Coordinators (fanboys )

Types of word form:

1. Inflection, which is changing the form class of word (a word and its form).

           e g : perform :  Perform

                                                Performs

                                                Performing

                                                Performed

  2. Derivation, the way in which lexemes are related to one another or one lexeme is derived from another. (a word and its relatives)

          e.g: creation      ( noun  )

                 creative      ( verb   )

                 create         ( verb  )

                 creatively   (adverb)

A word can be formed by:

1. Affixiation

v  Suffix: end of word affixes (-er, -ful, -hood, -ness, etc.)

                e.g: player, beautiful, brotherhood, happiness)

v  Prefix: beginning of word affixes (re-, un-, bi-, mis-,etc)

                e.g: replay, unfair, bilingual.

     b. Compounds: the combaining of two or more independent words.

                e.g: easy going, well known, secondhand, baby sitter, etc.

  c. Conversion: a word can be co-opted from one part of speech and used as another. Two words can be blended to form one new word called blend.

                e.g: breakfast + lunch = brunch

                       Information + entertainment = infotainment

    d. Clipping: new word can be coined by shortening.

                e.g: flu (influenza), email ( electronic email), dorm ( dormitory), etc.

A.   FORM  OF NOUN

1. INFLECTION

Ø  Countable noun

            • regular suffix (-s) : cat    (singular)

                                                         Cats  ( plural)

           • irregular suffixes: form plural with adding –ie,-ae,-a,-®en.

             e.g: cocktie, formulae, phenomena, children.

Ø  Uncountable noun: always singular, there is no plural form.

            e.g: water, sand, and money.

Ø  There are words that only occur in plural form.

            e.g: scissors, trousers.

Ø  Word with plural form but used mostly with singular verbs.

            e.g: physics, economics, billiards, dominoes, etc.

Ø  Some word look plural but are not.

            e,g: series, means, news.

2. DERIVATION

   a. Derived noun with prefix. e.g: patient (n)   =  out patient

                                                                      group (n)     =  subgroup.

   b. Derived noun with suffix.

       Suffixes:-age, -ant, -al, -ance, -cer, -ence, -(e)ry, -ess, -hood, -arian, -ing,

                     -ism, -ist, -ity, -ness, -or, -ment, -ship, -t, -th, -tion, -ure.

       e.g;  adjective:   creative = creativity.

                                 Conventional = conventionalism

               Verbs:  arrive = arrival

                           inform = information

                           design = designer

               Nouns: infant = infancy

                           Kitchen = kitchenette

                           Library = librarian

B. FORM OF PORNOUNS

      Inflection and derivation are closed for classes of pronouns,determiners, auxiliaries, and modals.

C.  FORM OF VERBS

    1. Inflection

        e.g: give

             1. third person singular present tense : gives

             2. past tense                                                  : gave

             3. progressive participle                      : giving

             4. perfect or passive participle            : given

             5. basic form                                       : give

 

   2. Derivation

        •Suffixes: -en, -ize, -fy, -ate.

          e.g: bright (adj)         =  brighten

                 critic  (adj)         = criticize

                 beautiful (adj)    = beautify

        •Prefixes: en-, be-

           e.g: danger (n)   = endanger

                  friend (n)    = befriend

D. FORM OF ADJECTIVES

1. The inflection of adjectives are positive, comparative, and superlative.

             e.g: happy, happier, happiest (a regular pattern of suffixation)

                    good, better, best   ( irregular adjective)

                   difficult, more difficult, the most difficult ( periphrastic form)

     2. Derivation

v  Suffixes: -al, -ial, -ic (al), -ar, -ary, -ed, -en, -ful, -ish, -istic, -less, -like,

                   -ly, -ous, -ward, -wide, -y, - ent, -ive, -able.

         e.g: use (v)    = useless

               elude (v)  = elusive

               back (v)  = backward

v  Prefixes: un-, in-, non-

          e.g: happy     (adj)    = unhappy

                sensitive (adj)    = insensitive

                standard (adj)    = nonstandard

E. FORMS OF ADVRB

   1. Inflection

Ø  A few adverbs are inflated in term of comparison

            Ex:  soon, sooner, soonest

               quickly, more quickly, the most quickly

Ø  You also can use the pattern: as + adverb = as

Ex : as well as

  2. Derivation

Ø  Suffixes: -ever, -ly, -where, -wise, -ward(s), -place

            e.g: quick = quickly                      after = afterwards

                  when = whenever                   edge = edgewise

                  any    = any where                  some = someplace

    

Ø  Prefix for adverb: a-, un-

            e.g: head=ahead                         fortunately  = unfortunately

                   long =along                          luckily        = unluckily

Ø  fixed phrases

            e.g: of course, kind of, at last