A and AN
v A or an can precede only singular count nouns; they mean one. They can be used in a general statement or to introduce a subject which has not been previously mentioned.
A baseball is round. ( general-means all base balls)
I saw a boy in the street.(We don’t know which boy)
v An is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
A book an apple
v Some wordscan be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the pronounciation.
A house (begins with a consonant sound )
An hour (begin with a vowel suond)
· The words that begin with a consonant sound and thus must always be preceded by a
Ex :European, eulogy, euphemisme, eucalyptus etc.
· The words that begin with a vowel sound and thus must always be preceded by an
Ex : Hour, heir, herbal etc.
v The initial sound of the word that immediately follows the indefinite article will determine wheter it should be a or an
Ex : An umbrella a white umbrella
An hour a whole hour
v You cannot use a/an + uncountables nouns
Ex : A water (incorrect)
v But you can say a piece of ..../ a glass of etc. + uncountable noun :
Ex : A glass of water ( correct)
v A/an and some
• a/an+singular countable noun => would you like an apple ?
• some+plural countable nouns => would you like some apples?
• some+uncountable nouns => Would you like some cheese?
\
v Many nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable. For example :
Ex : A cake (there is one cake)
Some cakes ( there are more than one cake)
Some cake ( just a piece of cake)
v Be careful with these nouns- they are usually uncountable :
Ex : Information advice weather news
bread hair furniture work
· I need some information about hotels in London. (not informations)
THE
v The is used to indicate something that we already know about or something that is common knowledge. Ex :
The boy in the corner is my friend. (The speaker and the listener know which boy)
The earth is round. (There is only one earth.)
v With non-count nouns, one uses the article the if speaking in specific terms, but uses no article if speaking in general. Ex :
Sugar is sweet. (general-all sugar)
The sugar on the table is from Cuba (specific-the sugar that is on the table)
v Normally, plural count nouns, when they mean everything within a certain class, are not preceded by the. Ex :
Oranges are green until they ripen. (all oranges)
There are some words use THE and there are some don’t use it.
Use THE
|
Don’t use THE
|
· Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes
· Mountains.
|
· Singular ”lakes“
· Mounts .
|
DURING
This preposition should be distinguished from since and for. During is usually followed by noun indicating time. It indicates duration of time.
Example : During the summer, we do not have to study.
FROM
v This preposition generally means the opposite of to.
Example : He came from Miami last night. ( opposite of : He went to Miami.)
v Common usage of from : from a time to a time
a place to a place
Example : He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978.
We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.
OUT OF
v This preposition generally means the opposite of into ( see diagram).
Example : He walked out of the room angrily when John admonished him.
BY
v This preposition generally means to go past a place or to be situated near a place.
Example : Your book are by the window.
v Common usage of by :
• To indicate the agent in passive sentences.
Example : Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare.
• By + specific time ( before).
Example : We usually eat supper by six o’clock in the evening.
• By bus/plane/train/ ship/car/bike (indicates mode of travel)
Example : We traveled to Boston by train.
IN
v This preposition generally means inside a place or enclosure. It is the opposite of out.
Example : Dr. Jones is in his office.
v In =>preposition of place (followed by country,city,town,village)
Example : Pi Hong yan lives in Paris.
v In => Preposition of tme
-months in July; in September
-Year in 1985; in 1999
-Seasons in summer; in the summer of 69
-part of the day in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening
-duration in a minute; in two weeks
ON
v This prepositon generally means a position above, but in contact with an object.
Example : The records are on the table.
v On => Preposition of place (followed by a street name)
Example : I’m on Gajahmada Street now.
v On => Preposition of time
-days of the week on Sunday; on Friday
-date on the 25th of December*
-special holidays on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday;
-a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th*
AT
v This preposition generally is used to indicate a general location. It is not as spesific as in.
Example : Jane is at the bank.
v Common usage of at :
• At+ an address example : George lives at 712 16th Avenue.
• At + a specific time example : The class begins at 3: 10 p.m.
COMMON COMBINATION WITH PREPOSITIONS
v NOUN + PREPOSITIONS
Equivalent of number of example of
Quality of reason for exception to
Pair of sample of possibility of
v VERB+PREPOSITIONS
Decide on plan on depend on
Detract from engage in approve of
Emerge from pay for succeed in
Participate in escape from mingle with
Confide in remove from rely on
v ADJECTIVE+ PREPOSITIONS
Satisfied with fond of amenable to
Divorced from isolated from inferior to
Guilty of afraid of similar to
Intersted in accustomed to different from
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